Author of. Updates? While there are testimonies that "Feodor Kozmich" in his earlier life might have belonged to a higher level of society, claims that he was Alexander I were never proved. The sweet and charming girl who became Yelisaveta Alekseyevna was loved by everyone except her husband. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! Historians still debate Alexander's role in his father's murder. His wife died a few months later … Aleksandr Pavlovich was the first child of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (later Paul I) and Grand Duchess Maria Fyodorovna, a princess of Württemberg-Montbéliard. "History of Russia in 100 Minutes" is a crash course for beginners. Nikolay I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Alexander I of Russia was a famous Emperor of Russia, who was born on December 23, 1777. Alexander I (Russian: Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; 23 December [ O.S. He was handsome, strong, pleasant, humane, and full of enthusiasm. Alexander I was the namesake for the Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Germany, and of the Alexandertorte. He was named Alexander by his grandmother Catherine II (the Great), Empress of All Russia … Alexander became tsar the next day. Alexander I Alexander I, 1777–1825, czar of Russia (1801–25), son of Paul I (in whose murder he may have taken an indirect part). This taught Alexander very early on how to manipulate those who loved him, and he becam… He was interred at the Sts. Paul I’s reign was a dark period for Russia. At the end of his reign he was a troubled man, “crushed” in his own words “beneath the terrible burden of a crown”. In 1805 Russia joined the coalition against Napoleon, but after a series of military defeats was forced to conclude the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) with France. Alexander I of Russia (December 23, 1777 – December 11, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to … Both she and his father tried to use Alexander for their own purposes, and he was torn emotionally between them. Alexander II: The Tsar of Russia from March 2, 1855, until his assassination in 1881. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Omissions? After all, it was under Alexander’s leadership that Russia defeated Napoleon’s army, crushed the French empire, and even occupied Paris. Alexander I (Russian: Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; 23 December [O.S. He was born in Saint Petersburg to Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, later Emperor Paul I, and Maria Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. With four friends, who were of noble families but motivated by liberal ideas—Prince Adam Czartoryski, Count Pavel Stroganov, Count Viktor Kochubey, and Nikolay Novosiltsev—he formed the Private Committee (Neglasny Komitet). In the first years of his reign the liberalism of his Swiss tutor, Frédéric César de La Harpe, seemed to influence Alexander. He was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. Alexander became Emperor of Russia when his father was assassinated 23 March 1801. Alexander I - Alexander I - The defeat of Napoleon: Napoleon and his Grand Army of 600,000 men invaded Russia on June 24, 1812. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-I-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander I, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander I, Alexander I - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). alexander i (1777-1825), russian emperor, wood engraving, published in 1877 - alexander i of russia stock illustrations Visitation of Tsar Alexander I in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, 1821. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. Tsar Alexander I became increasingly suspicious of those around him, especially after an attempt was made to kidnap him when he was on his way to the conference in Aachen, Germany. Alexander I of Russia Alexander I was the godfather of future Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who was christened Alexandrina Victoria in honour of the tsar. Outside of the borders of Russia, Alexander's main concern was the self-appointed French Emperor Napoleon I, who … Found in the collection of the State History Museum, Moscow. In the autumn of 1825 the Emperor sailed to the south of Russia due to the increasing illness of his wife. Nevertheless, despite the humanitarian ideas inculcated in him by La Harpe and despite his own wish to make his people happy, Alexander lacked the energy necessary to carry out the most urgent reform, the abolition of serfdom. He succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered, and ruled Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. The institution of serfdom was, in the tsar’s own words, “a degradation” that kept Russia in a disastrously backward state. 18 February] 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. His sudden death in Taganrog, under allegedly suspicious circumstances, caused the spread of the rumours that Alexander did not die in 1825, but disappeared to live the rest of his life in anonymity. As a person born on this date, Alexander I of Russia is listed in our database as the 16th most popular celebrity for the day (December 23). When Napoleon broke the treaty by invading Russia in 1812, Alexander pursued the French back to Paris. He was a reformer but also a defender of the traditional laws and customs of Russia. The precocious marriage had been arranged to guarantee descendants to the Romanov dynasty, and it was unhappy from the beginning. Alexander I (Russian: Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; 23 December [O.S. He took part in the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance (1815), and took part in the conferences that followed. The war transformed Alexander, suffusing him with energy and determination. The monarch’s tyrannical and bizarre behaviour led to a plot against him by certain nobles and military men, and he was assassinated during the night of March 23 (March 11, Old Style), 1801. Russia 1796-1917 Russian Revolution, Civil War and USSR 1917-1991 Russia 1991 to the present It was an alliance that predicted war. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Александр Благословенный, During Alexander's life time Russia used the Julian calendar (Old Style), but unless otherwise stated, any date in this article uses the Gregorian Calendar (New Style) — see the article ", Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&oldid=7275788, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Nikolai Loukache (11 December 1796 – 20 January 1868), Zenaida Naryshkina (1806 – 18 May 1810), Sophia Naryshkina (1808 – 18 June 1824), Emanuel Naryshkin (30 July 1813 – 31 December 1901), Maria Alexandrovna Parijskaia (19 March 1814–1874), Wilhelmine Alexandrine Pauline Alexandrov (1816 – 4 June 1863), Gustave Ehrenberg (14 February 1818 – 28 September 1895), Maria Tourkestanova (20 March 1819 – 19 December 1843), Nikolai Vassilievich Isakov (10 February 1821 – 25 February 1891). Serfdom was a continuing burden on the Russians. Alexander had nine illegitimate children. Alexander believed them or, at least, wished to believe that all would go well. Alexander I was the namesake for the Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Germany, and of the Alexandertorte. There, Pavel had created a ridiculous little kingdom where he devoted himself to military exercises and parades. Some sources allege that she created the plan to remove Paul from succession altogether. As an adolescent, Alexander was allowed to visit his father at Gatchina, on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, away from the court. Because of his unstable personality, he would become intoxicated by the notion of grand projects, while balking at carrying them out. He later told his friend Frederick William III that the marriage, a political match devised by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, regrettably proved to be a misfortune for him and his wife. He was the eldest son of Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.Alexander was the first king of Congress Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russia—died December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. This page was last changed on 16 January 2021, at 12:37. [citation needed] In the autumn of 1825 the Emperor undertook a voyage to the south of Russia due to the increasing illness of his wife. He wanted his reign to be a happy one and dreamed of great and necessary reforms. Finally, the “Western” theoretical education of Alexander and his young friends had not prepared them for gaining a clear vision of the realities of Russian life. But to liberate the serfs, who composed three-quarters of the population, would arouse the hostility of their noble masters, who did not want to lose the slaves on whom their wealth and comfort depended. 19 November] 1825) reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. His patient leadership during the invasion and Alexander’s change from leading the army himself to relying on his more experienced generals was key to winning the war. Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович), also known as Alexander the Blessed (Russian: Александр Благословенный). In the autumn of 1825 on a trip to the south of Russia Alexander caught a cold which developed into typhoid. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. Alexander I, son of Paul I, became Tsar of Russia in 1801. Alexander I - #9 On The Best Russian Ruler list - December 30, 2012 […] Alexander I, was the head of the Russian state when it was invaded by Napoleon. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland. His grandmother, the reigning Empress Catherine II (the Great), took him from his parents and raised him herself to prepare him to succeed her. Writer, translator, book reviewer, and historian. But by the end of his life, Alexander … 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. Their principal achievement was the initiation of a vast plan for public education, which involved the formation of many schools of different types, institutions for training teachers, and the founding of three new universities. Alexander formed a compromise alliance with Napoleon in 1807 at Tilsit. At the time, Catherine II, later known as Catherine the Great, ruled over Russia. Russian Titles and Patronymics; The eldest of the ten children of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia and his second wife Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (Empress Maria Feodorovna), Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia (Alexander Pavlovich) was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on December 23, 1777. Alexander’s last years were filled with obsession with God and Christianity. 19 November] 1825 [lower-alpha 1] [1]) was the Emperor of Russia (Tsar) between 1801 and 1825. He was also the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania. Out of a sincere desire to innovate, Alexander considered a constitution and “the limitation of the autocracy,” but he recoiled before the danger of imposing sudden change on a nobility that rejected it. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russia—died December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. Alexander, who knew of it, did not dare to disclose the manifesto, and Pavel became emperor. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Moreover, he was a visionary who could not transform his dreams into reality. The plotters had let him in on the secret, assuring him they would not kill his father but would only demand his abdication. After the darkness into which Paul had plunged Russia, Alexander appeared to his subjects as a radiant dawn. (1777-1825), Russian Tsar 1801-1825 Alexander I was born in St. Petersburg on 23 December, 1777 and died at Taganrog on 1 December, 1825. Their two children of the marriage died young. He changed Russia’s position relative to France four times between 1804 and 1812 among neutrality, opposition, and alliance. Both sides tried to use Alexander for their own purposes and he was torn emotionally between his grandmothe… Alexander, then 23 years old, was in the palace at the moment of the assassination and his accession to the throne was announced by General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins. Alexander was the first king of Congress Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland, reigning from 1809 to 1825.On 1st December 1825 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia died suddenly in Taganrog. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg on 13 March 1826. During his trip he caught a cold which developed into typhus from which he died in the southern city of Taganrog on 19 November (O.S. People born on December … Corrections? He inspired deep affection in his pupil and permanently shaped his flexible and open mind. Nicholas I (Russian: Николай I Павлович, tr. With Marguerite-Josephine Weimer (1787–1867), With Princess Barbara Tourkestanova (1775 – 20 March 1819), With Maria Ivanovna Katatcharova (1796–1824). Many people, including some historians, have theorized that he was Alexander I under an assumed identity. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [ O.S. Alexander’s education was not continued after he was 16, when his grandmother married him to Princess Louise of Baden-Durlach, who was 14, in 1793. Napoleon launched an attack on Russia in 1812 that proved fatal to France and placed Alexander among the five powers who set the new world order at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. She was determined to disinherit her own son, Pavel, who repelled her by his instability. It was an alliance that predicted war. Soon after his birth on December 23, 1777, Alexander was taken from his father, Paul I of Russia, by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, who utterly disliked Paul and did not want him to have any influence on the future emperor. It prevented modernization of the country, which was at least a century behind the rest of Europe. Czar Alexander I was born in 1777 to the later Czar Paul I. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. During his trip he himself caught a cold which developed into typhus from which he died in the southern city of Taganrog on 19 November (O.S. His most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia’s serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator. He was the son of Paul I and Sophie of Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna), and the grandson of Catherine II. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. Tsar Alexander I became increasingly suspicious of those around him, especially after an attempt was made to kidnap him when he was on his way to the conference in Aachen, Germany. Alexander and his close advisers corrected many of the injustices of the preceding reign and made many administrative improvements. Alexander I was the godfather of future Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who was christened Alexandrina Victoria in honour of the tsar. Alexander received his military training there under the direction of a tough and rigid officer, Aleksey Arakcheyev, who was faithfully attached to him and whom Alexander loved throughout his life. )/ 1 December 1825. The conflict that ensued was justly called the Patriotic War by the Russians; in it, the strong resistance and outstanding endurance of an entire people were displayed. Alexander I was the Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. A friend and disciple of the philosophers of the French Enlightenment, Catherine invited Denis Diderot, the encyclopaedist, to become Alexander’s private tutor. He was handsome – he had the classic profile of his grandmother – […] Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. )/ 1 December 1825. At the Congress of Vienna (1814- … Some say the former emperor became a monk in Pochaev Lavra or Kievo-Pecherskaya Lavra or elsewhere. Catherine had already written the manifesto that deprived her son of his rights and designated her grandson as the heir to the throne, when she died suddenly on November 17 (November 6, Old Style), 1796. Some sources allege that she planned to remove her son (Alexander's father) Paul I from the succession altogether. 19 November] 1825),[1] also known as Alexander the Blessed (Russian: Александр Благословенный, Aleksandr Blagoslovennyi) was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. Alexander I Born:St. Petersburg, 12 (23) December 1777Died:Taganrog, 19 November (1 December) 1825Reigned:1801-1825 Grand Duke Alexander, the oldest son of Pavel I and his wife Maria Fyodorovna, and heir to the throne, remains one of the most enigmatic figures in the Romanov Dynasty. Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович, Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (23 December [O.S. When he declined, she chose Frédéric-César La Harpe, a Swiss citizen, a republican by conviction, and an excellent educator. On 9 October 1793, Alexander married Louise of Baden, known as Elisabeth Alexeyevna after her conversion to the Orthodox Church. The Russian education system was improving with the increase of high schools from a mere 200 to 20,000 and universities teaching about world events. He was the first Russian King of Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke of Russia. Tsar Alexander I, who ruled the Russian Empire from 1801-1825, had a complicated relationship with Napoleon during the lengthy Napoleonic Wars. The unexpected death of the Tsar far from the capital caused rumours that his death and funeral were staged so he could spend the rest of his life in solitude. His wife died a few months later as the emperor's body was transported to Saint Petersburg for the funeral. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Alexander and his younger brother Constantine were raised by their grandmother, Catherine the Great. Aleksander I Pavlovich | Alexander I of Russia/Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (2) Aleksander I Pavlovich | Alexander I of Russia/Klemens von Metternich (2) Michel Ney/Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (2) Georges Jacques Danton/Camille Desmoulins (1) Exclude Additional Tags 19 November] 1825, or possibly 1864), reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. A mysterious hermit, Feodor Kuzmich, (or Kozmich) emerged in Siberia in 1836, died near Tomsk in 1864 and was eventually glorified as a saint of the Orthodox Church. Its avowed purpose was to frame “good laws, which are the source of the well-being of the Nation.”. 19 November ] 1825 ) reigned as Emperor of Russia Alexander caught a cold which developed into typhoid Pavlovich 23! 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